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Nina Baym (1936–2018) was an American literary critic and literary historian. She was professor of English at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign from 1963 to 2004.

Before her retirement at the University of Illinois Baym was a Swanlund Endowed Chair, a Jubilee Professor of Liberal Arts & Sciences and a Center of Advanced Study Professor of English. Her work in US literary criticism and history is widely credited with expanding the field to include women writers while taking the focus off 'great' writers according to a supposed unchanging value judgment and placing it instead on the dynamics of literary professionalism. She is the author or editor of a number of groundbreaking works of American literary history and criticism, beginning with Woman's Fiction (Cornell, 1978), and including Feminism and American Literary History (Rutgers, 1992), American Women Writers and the Work of History (Rutgers, 1995), and American Women of Letters and the Nineteenth-Century Sciences (Rutgers, 2004). She is also the author of scores of articles, reviews, and essays including 'Melodramas of Beset Manhood: How Theories of American Fiction Exclude Women Authors' (American Quarterly 1981). Elaine Showalter called Baym's Women Writers of the American West, 1833-1927 (2011), 'the first comprehensive guide to women's writing in the old West,' an immediately 'standard and classic text.'^[1] This book uncovers and describes the western-themed writing in diverse genres of almost 350 American women, most of them unknown today but many of them successful and influential in their own time. Since 1991 Baym has served as General Editor of The Norton Anthology of American Literature.^[2]

In October 2013 she was recognized by the college of Liberal Arts and Sciences in connection with the 100th anniversary of the college; she was designated as one of the 25 most influential people in the college's history. She has been active in such professional associations as the American Literature Section of the Modern Language Association and the American Studies Association, as well as serving as Director of the School of Humanities at the University of Illinois from 1976-1987. She has served on panels for the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Fulbight Foundation. Among her numerous literary prizes, fellowship, and honors are the 2000 Jay B. Hubbell Award for lifetime achievement in American literary studies (from the Modern Language Association) and fellowships from the John Simon Guggenheim Foundation, the National Endowment for the Humanities, the American Association of University Women, and the Mellon Foundation.

Baym was born in Princeton, New Jersey; her father was the eminent mathematicianLeo Zippin and her mother taught high school English. She received her B.A. from Cornell University, an M.A. from Radcliffe, and a Ph.D. from Harvard University. She was married to Gordon Baym from 1958 to 1970; their two children are Nancy Baym and Geoffrey Baym. She was married to Jack Stillinger from 1971 to her death.

Books authored or edited[edit]

• Women Writers of the American West, 1833-1927, Illinois, 2011
• Norton Anthology of American Literature, 3rd through 8th editions. W.W. Norton, 1985–present.
• American Women of Letters and the Nineteenth-Century Sciences. Rutgers, 2002.
• American Women Writers and the Work of History. Rutgers, 1995.
• Feminism and American Literary History: Essays. Rutgers, 1992.
• Woman's Fiction. Cornell University Press, 1978.
• Shape of Hawthorne's Career. Cornell University Press, 1976.

References[edit]

1. ^Brinkley, Douglas. Women Writers of the American West, 1833-1927 (9780252035975): Nina Baym: Books. ISBN0252035976.
2. ^'Nina Baym | W. W. Norton & Company'. Books.wwnorton.com. Retrieved 2011-10-01.

External links[edit]

• Melville's Quarrel with Fiction an essay.

Nina is a 2016 American biographical film written and directed by Cynthia Mort. The film focuses on American musician and civil rights activist Nina Simone, portrayed by Zoe Saldana. The film also stars David Oyelowo, Ella Thomas, and Mike Epps. The film was released on April 22, 2016, in a limited release and through video on demand by RLJ Entertainment. The film was met with heavy criticism and Simone's family refused to endorse the film.^[2] Saldana later said she regretted accepting the lead role.

Plot[edit]

In 1988 Nina Simone is financially unsound, mentally unstable and an alcoholic. Her 1960s heyday is far behind her. After threatening a lawyer with a gun, she is forcibly committed to a Los Angelespsychiatric hospital for twenty-four hours. While in the hospital, Nina hires orderly Clifton Henderson (David Oyelowo) as an assistant. He accompanies her back to Bouc-Bel-Air, France.

Nina drinks heavily and refuses to take her medication. She proves to be difficult and confrontational. She verbally abuses Clifton, assaults a patron at a nightclub performance and makes Clifton get her random men with whom she has one-night stands. Her behavior drives Clifton back home to America.

Nina is told by her doctor that the results of a biopsy are serious and she needs treatment for cancer.

Nin Ammana Keya Kannada Song Download

Nina arrives unannounced at Clifton's family home in Chicago, much to the amusement of his family and his embarrassment. She tells Clifton that she wants him to be her manager. He is hesitant, but agrees to work for her again.

Clifton attempts to book shows in France, but nearly no one wants to deal with Nina's difficult behavior. Nonetheless, his efforts eventually pay off and she performs marvelously at a gig. He gets a studio and she begins recording new music. It is implied that they begin a sexual relationship. Worried about her health, he convinces her to undergo surgery for her cancer.

Once recovered, Nina returns to America for a live performance in Central Park. A crowd flocks to see her and she opens her concert with the song 'Feeling Good.'

Cast[edit]

Nin Ammana Keya Song Download

• Zoe Saldana as Nina Simone
• David Oyelowo as Clifton Henderson
• Kevin Mambo as Gilles
• Ronald Guttman as Henri Edwards
• Chuma Gault as Nina's Husband
• Mike Epps as Richard Pryor
• Ella Joyce as Clifton's Mom
• Ella Thomas as Lorraine Hansberry
• Marianne Muellerleile as Nurse Mary
• Yasmine Golchan as Doctor Cousier
• Siena Goines as Heather
• Camille Natta as Michelle Laroche
• Michael Vartan as Radio Interviewer

Production[edit]

Development[edit]

In May 2010, it was announced Mary J. Blige and David Oyelowo had been cast in the film as Nina Simone, and Clifton Henderson respectively, with Cynthia Mort directing the film from a screenplay she had written, and production planned for September of that year.^[3] In August 2012, it was announced that Zoe Saldana, who is Afro-Latina, had been cast in the film, replacing Blige as Simone, Blige having exited due to financial issues with the project.^[4] The casting of Saldana caused controversy, with Simone Kelly, Simone's daughter, saying, 'My mother was raised at a time when she was told her nose was too wide, her skin was too dark. Appearance-wise this is not the best choice.'^[5][6] In 2014, Mort had begun taking legal action after being cut out of the decision-making process, making her unhappy with the project she spent several years developing.^[7]

Filming[edit]

Production was originally scheduled to begin in September 2010 in France.^[8]Principal photography began on October 16, 2012, in Los Angeles, California.^[9] To more accurately portray Simone's likeness, light-skinned Afro-Latina Saldana used dark makeup, nasal and dental prosthetics, and wigs when playing to role of Simone for the film.^[10] These adjustments to Saldana's natural appearance continued to raise controversy with Nina Simone fans, viewers and even racial justice advocates like Ta-Nehisi Coates. ^[11]

Release[edit]

In September 2015, RLJ Entertainment acquired U.S distribution rights to the film with a planned December 2015 release.^[12] The film was released on April 22, 2016, in a limited release and through video on demand.^[13] After the film's trailer had been released, Simone's estate's Twitter account tweeted at Saldana, writing, 'Please take Nina's name out of your mouth. For the rest of your life. Hopefully people begin to understand this is painful. Gut-wrenching, heartbreaking, nauseating, soul-crushing. It shall pass, but for now.'^[14][2] Robert L. Johnson, the chairman and founder of RLJ, issued a statement, saying, 'Zoe Saldana delivers an exceptional and mesmerizing tribute to Nina Simone. She gave her heart and soul to the role and displayed her extraordinary talent. The most important thing is that creativity or quality of performance should never be judged on the basis of color, or ethnicity, or physical likeness. Quality entertainment should be measured by the sheer force of creativity and the commitment that an actor or actress brings to the performance.'^[15]

Reception[edit]

On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 2% based on 43 reviews, with an average rating of 3.27/10. The website's critics consensus reads, 'A wholly misguided tribute to its subject's searing talent and enduring impact, Nina is the cinematic equivalent of a covers project featuring all the wrong artists.'^[16] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 27 out of 100, based on 19 critics, indicating 'generally unfavorable reviews'.^[17]

In August 2020, Saldana said she regretted taking on the role.^[18] Having previously defended the role,^[19] Saldana, who identifies as Afro-Latina, said, 'I should have never played Nina. I should have done everything in my power, with the leverage that I had 10 years ago [was] a different leverage but it was leverage nonetheless. I should have tried everything in my power to cast a Black woman to play an exceptionally perfect Black woman.'^[18]

References[edit]

1. ^'Nina (2017)'. The Numbers (website).
2. ^ ^abBlistein, Jon (March 3, 2016). 'Nina Simone Estate Slams Biopic Star Zoe Saldana'. Rolling Stone. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
3. ^Lodderhouse, Diana (May 13, 2010). 'Blige tunes up Simone role'. Variety. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
4. ^Kit, Borys (August 15, 2012). 'Zoe Saldana to Play Singer Nina Simone in Biopic'. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
5. ^Sieczkowski, Cavan (November 20, 2012). 'Zoe Saldana Nina Simone Biopic Casting Controversy Heats Up'. TheHuffingtonpost.com. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
6. ^Vega, Tanizia (October 12, 2012). 'Stir Builds Over Actress to Portray Nina Simone'. The New York Times. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
7. ^Gardner, Eriq. 'Director of Nina Simone Film Sues Over Production Company's Hijacking (Exclusive)'. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
8. ^Lodderhouse, Diana (May 13, 2010). 'Blige tunes up Simone role'. Variety. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
9. ^Kit, Borys (August 15, 2012). 'Zoe Saldana to Play Singer Nina Simone in Biopic'. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
10. ^Stewart, Dodai (October 26, 2012). 'Zoe Saldana gets dark makeup prosthetic nose to play Nina Simone'. jezebel.com. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
11. ^Coates, Ta-Nehisi (March 15, 2016). 'Nina Simone's Face'. theatlantic.com. Retrieved November 15, 2020.
12. ^McNary, Dave (September 10, 2015). 'Zoe Saldana's 'Nina' Bought by RLJE, Set for December Release (EXCLUSIVE)'. Variety. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
13. ^Obenson, Tambay A (March 2, 2016). 'Watch: Trailer for Nina Simone Biopic Starring Zoe Saldana Arrives'. Indiewire.com. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
14. ^McNary, Dave (March 3, 2016). 'Nina Simone Estate Slams Biopic Star Zoe Saldana'. Variety. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
15. ^Platon, Adelle (March 3, 2016). ''Nina' Distributors Defend Zoe Saldana After Simone's Family Blasts Biopic'. Billboard. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
16. ^'Nina (2016)'. Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
17. ^'Nina reviews'. Metacritic. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
18. ^ ^abWelk, Brian (August 5, 2020). 'Zoe Saldana Regrets Playing Nina Simone in Biopic: 'She Deserved Better''. The Wrap. Retrieved August 5, 2020.
19. ^'Zoe Saldana Responds to 'Nina' Controversy: 'There's No One Way to Be Black' - Hollywood Reporter'. The Hollywood Reporter. 22 June 2016. Archived from the original on 2016-06-22.

External links[edit]

• Nina on IMDb